Post Test: American Literature Through The Eighteenth Century

Post-Test: American Literature Through the Eighteenth Century

This post-test covers key concepts and literary works from American literature spanning the 18th century. It's designed to assess your understanding of the period's significant authors, themes, and historical context. Consider this a comprehensive review before a potential exam or simply a way to solidify your knowledge of this fascinating era. Let's dive in!

Section 1: Early American Literature (Pre-1750)

This section focuses on the foundational works that laid the groundwork for later American literary expression. We'll examine the characteristics of early American writing, including its primary purposes and stylistic conventions.

1.1. Defining Characteristics of Early American Literature

Puritanism and its Influence: The dominant religious and cultural force of early America, Puritanism heavily shaped the literature of the time. Works often focused on religious experience, morality, and the exploration of God's will. Didacticism, the intention to teach or instruct, was a key characteristic. Think about the sermons and diaries of the era.

Plain Style: This style prioritized clarity and simplicity of language, reflecting the Puritan emphasis on direct communication and the avoidance of ornamentation. Simplicity in language doesn't imply simplicity in thought, however. Puritan writers used carefully chosen words to convey profound religious and philosophical ideas.

Examples: Think of the writings of Anne Bradstreet, whose poetry combined personal reflection with religious devotion. Consider the intensely personal and introspective nature of Jonathan Edwards' sermons, particularly "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." These works are not merely religious texts but also offer insightful glimpses into the lives and beliefs of the early settlers. They reflect the challenges and triumphs of building a new society in a new world.

1.2. Key Authors and Works (Pre-1750)

• Anne Bradstreet: Her poetry offers a rare female voice in early American literature, exploring themes of faith, family, and the complexities of life in the New World. Remember her poems like "To My Dear and Loving Husband" and "Upon the Burning of Our House."

• Jonathan Edwards: A prominent theologian, Edwards' sermons were powerful and persuasive, highlighting the dangers of sin and the importance of religious conversion. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" remains a chillingly effective example of his rhetorical skill.

• Cotton Mather: A prolific writer, Mather's works covered a wide range of topics, including religious history, science, and witchcraft. His involvement in the Salem witch trials makes him a controversial but undeniably significant figure in early American history and literature.

• Mary Rowlandson: Her narrative, "A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson," provides a firsthand account of her capture by Native Americans and her subsequent experiences. It's a powerful testament to resilience and faith.

Section 2: The Enlightenment and the Rise of Revolutionary Literature (1750-1800)

This period witnessed a shift in literary focus, moving away from the predominantly religious themes of the earlier era towards reason, individualism, and political engagement.

2.1. The Enlightenment's Impact on American Literature

The Enlightenment emphasized reason, logic, and scientific inquiry. This intellectual movement influenced American literature by promoting a focus on individual rights, civic duty, and the power of human reason to shape society. The emphasis shifted from religious dogma to the exploration of human potential and the pursuit of knowledge.

Emphasis on Reason and Logic: This is evident in the political pamphlets and essays of the time, which employed reasoned arguments to advocate for independence and self-governance.

Rise of the Public Sphere: The growing importance of public debate and political discourse led to an increase in the publication of pamphlets, essays, and newspapers. Literature became a tool for shaping public opinion and influencing political events.

2.2. Key Authors and Works (1750-1800)

• Benjamin Franklin: A polymath and founding father, Franklin's Autobiography stands as a testament to the American ideal of self-reliance and achievement. His wit and wisdom are evident in his Poor Richard's Almanack.

• Thomas Paine: His pamphlet Common Sense played a crucial role in galvanizing support for American independence. His powerful rhetoric and clear arguments swayed public opinion in favor of revolution. His later writings also explored social and political issues.

• Phillis Wheatley: One of the first African American poets to gain international recognition, Wheatley's poems blend classical allusions with deeply personal reflections on freedom, faith, and racial identity. Her work is powerful and pioneering.

• Olaudah Equiano: His autobiography offers a harrowing firsthand account of the transatlantic slave trade and the horrors of slavery. It’s a crucial document offering a deeply personal perspective of one man's enslavement and ultimately his freedom.

2.3. Revolutionary Literature and its Purpose

Revolutionary literature served as a powerful tool for mobilizing public support for independence. Authors used persuasive rhetoric and emotional appeals to rally the colonists against British rule. The writings of this era shaped the narrative of the American Revolution and helped to establish a national identity.

Key Themes: These included liberty, freedom, self-governance, and the rejection of tyranny. These themes resonated deeply with the colonists and continue to hold significance today. Consider the political pamphlets and speeches of the time as powerful examples of this literature’s influence.

Section 3: Analyzing Literary Techniques

This section explores some of the key literary techniques employed by 18th-century American authors.

3.1. Rhetorical Devices

Authors of this era were masters of rhetoric, employing various techniques to persuade and engage their readers.

• Ethos: Establishing credibility and authority. Think about the way Franklin or Paine presented themselves and their arguments.

• Pathos: Appealing to emotions to create a connection with the audience. Consider the emotional impact of Equiano's narrative.

• Logos: Using logic and reason to support arguments. Paine's Common Sense is a masterful example of the effective use of logos.

3.2. Narrative Styles

Different authors employed different narrative approaches. The Puritan writers leaned toward a simpler, direct style, while later writers often adopted more elaborate and persuasive techniques. Understanding these variations is vital for interpreting the texts accurately.

• First-Person Narratives: Providing intimate insights into the author's experiences and perspectives.

• Third-Person Narratives: Offering a more objective viewpoint on events.

• Use of Imagery and Figurative Language: Adding depth and impact to their writing, bringing the reader into the narrative world.

Section 4: Historical Context

Understanding the historical context of these literary works is essential to fully grasp their significance.

4.1. The Impact of Colonialism

The colonial experience shaped the literature of the time, influencing the themes, perspectives, and stylistic choices of American writers. The challenges of establishing a new society in a new world are deeply reflected in the literature. The struggles against oppression, both political and social, inform the narratives and political arguments of many significant writers of the 18th century.

4.2. The American Revolution

The American Revolution served as a catalyst for significant literary activity, giving rise to a body of literature dedicated to expressing the ideals of the revolution and documenting its events. The revolutionary period created new voices and a distinct American literary identity.

4.3. Religious and Social Transformations

The 18th century witnessed profound religious and social shifts in America. The Great Awakening, a religious revival, influenced the emotional intensity of religious writing. Simultaneously, the Enlightenment emphasized reason and individual liberties, leading to a questioning of traditional authority and the emergence of new social ideas. These changing social and religious landscapes are reflected in the diversity of writing produced during this period.

Section 5: Conclusion and Further Exploration

This post-test offers a comprehensive overview of American literature through the 18th century. By examining the key authors, their works, and the historical context in which they were written, we gain a deeper understanding of the development of American literature and its enduring legacy. Remember to delve further into the lives and works of the authors discussed here. Explore critical essays and analyses to gain a richer appreciation for the complexities and nuances of this pivotal era in American literary history. This exploration will not only enhance your understanding but also deepen your appreciation for the power and enduring relevance of 18th-century American literature. It’s a rich and rewarding field of study. Continue exploring and you will find yourself constantly engaging with new ideas and new perspectives.